Split Linked List in Parts

Define Problem

Problem to be solved: Split a singly linked list into k consecutive linked list parts. Each part should have an almost equal length, differing by at most one node.
Precondition: A singly linked list with nodes in the range [0, 1000] and an integer k (1 <= k <= 50).
Postcondition: An array of k linked lists, satisfying the size and order constraints.

Define Step

Calculate the total number of nodes.
Determine the size of each part.
Cut the original list into parts.

Measure of Progress

The measure of progress can be the number of linked lists already created and filled.

Define Loop Invariant

At the start of each iteration, we have already correctly filled the first x linked list parts. Also, the current node should be the starting node of the next part.

Main Steps

Calculate the size of the next part.
Fill a new linked list with nodes from the original linked list, matching the calculated size.
Add this new linked list to the output array.

Pseudocode:

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for i from 1 to k:
  create new linked list
  for j from 1 to calculated_size:
    add node to new linked list
  add new linked list to output

Make Progress

Move the current node pointer to the node immediately after the last node in the most recently filled part.

Maintain Loop Invariant

Update the new start node for the next part.

Establish the Loop Invariant

Calculate the total number of nodes and initial size of each part.

Exit Condition

The loop will exit after k iterations or if the linked list is fully consumed, whichever comes first.

Ending

The exit condition ensures that the linked list is correctly partitioned into k parts.
We can produce the output array containing k linked list parts.
Return the array as the final output.

Pseudocode:

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return output_array

To solve this problem, you can take the following approach:

Calculate the Length of the Linked List: Before splitting, first, find out the total length of the linked list.
Calculate Quotient and Remainder: Given n nodes in the linked list and k parts, every part will get n // k nodes. And the first n % k parts will get an extra node.
Split the Linked List: Traverse the linked list and create new lists using the computed sizes.

Let’s implement the approach:

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# Definition for singly-linked list.
# class ListNode:
#     def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
#         self.val = val
#         self.next = next

class Solution:
    def splitListToParts(self, head: Optional[ListNode], k: int) -> List[Optional[ListNode]]:
        # Step 1: Calculate the Length of the Linked List
        current = head
        length = 0
        while current:
            length += 1
            current = current.next

        # Step 2: Calculate Quotient and Remainder
        width, extra = divmod(length, k)

        # Step 3: Split the Linked List
        result = []
        current = head
        for i in range(k):
            # Create a dummy node to make the operations easier.
            dummy = ListNode(None)
            write = dummy

            # Use quotient (width) to decide the number of nodes to be taken.
            for j in range(width + (i < extra)):  # Take an extra node for the first "extra" parts.
                write.next = ListNode(current.val)
                write = write.next
                if current:
                    current = current.next

            result.append(dummy.next)  # Append the created linked list (starting from next of dummy) to the result.

        return result

The solution uses simple math and linked list traversal to achieve the required split of the linked list.

10 Prerequisite LeetCode Problems

This involves linked lists, and how to manipulate and traverse them. Here are 10 problems as a preparation for tackling this problem:

LeetCode 206: Reverse Linked List
A basic problem to understand how to manipulate links in a linked list.
LeetCode 21: Merge Two Sorted Lists
Helps you understand how to traverse two lists and merge them into one.
LeetCode 876: Middle of the Linked List
Useful to learn how to find the middle of a list using fast and slow pointers.
LeetCode 141: Linked List Cycle
You’ll learn how to detect if a linked list has a cycle.
LeetCode 160: Intersection of Two Linked Lists
Understanding this problem will give insights on how to deal with two intersecting lists.
LeetCode 203: Remove Linked List Elements
This problem demonstrates how to remove specific nodes from a linked list.
LeetCode 234: Palindrome Linked List
A good problem to understand list reversal and fast/slow pointers.
LeetCode 83: Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
You’ll learn how to remove duplicates from a sorted linked list.
LeetCode 92: Reverse Linked List II
This problem helps in understanding how to reverse a linked list from position m to n.
LeetCode 2: Add Two Numbers
This problem will teach you how to manipulate and traverse through two lists simultaneously to produce a result.

These problems cover a range of linked list operations that will be useful in understanding how to approach and solve the given problem.

This problem involves concepts like linked list manipulation and division/modulo operation. Here are 10 problems of lesser complexity that can help you prepare for this problem:

LeetCode 203: Remove Linked List Elements Remove all elements from a linked list of integers that have a specific value.
LeetCode 206: Reverse Linked List Reverse a singly linked list.
LeetCode 21: Merge Two Sorted Lists Merge two sorted linked lists and return it as a new list.
LeetCode 876: Middle of the Linked List Given a non-empty, singly linked list with head node head, return a middle node of linked list.
LeetCode 237: Delete Node in a Linked List Write a function to delete a node in a singly-linked list.
LeetCode 83: Remove Duplicates from Sorted List Given a sorted linked list, delete all duplicates such that each element appear only once.
LeetCode 141: Linked List Cycle Given a linked list, determine if it has a cycle in it.
LeetCode 160: Intersection of Two Linked Lists Find the node at which the intersection of two singly linked lists begins.
LeetCode 234: Palindrome Linked List Given a singly linked list, determine if it is a palindrome.
LeetCode 143: Reorder List Given a singly linked list, group all odd nodes together followed by the even nodes.

By practicing these problems, you can enhance your understanding of linked list manipulation which will be useful when tackling the problem “Split Linked List in Parts”. Also, these problems are quite varied and will expose you to different types of linked list related problems.

Clarification Questions

What are the clarification questions we can ask about this problem?

Problem Analysis and Key Insights

What are the key insights from analyzing the problem statement?

Problem Boundary

What is the scope of this problem?

How to establish the boundary of this problem?

Problem Classification

Problem Statement:Given the head of a singly linked list and an integer k, split the linked list into k consecutive linked list parts. The length of each part should be as equal as possible: no two parts should have a size differing by more than one. This may lead to some parts being null. The parts should be in the order of occurrence in the input list, and parts occurring earlier should always have a size greater than or equal to parts occurring later. Return an array of the k parts.

Example 1:

Input: head = [1,2,3], k = 5 Output: [[1],[2],[3],[],[]] Explanation: The first element output[0] has output[0].val = 1, output[0].next = null. The last element output[4] is null, but its string representation as a ListNode is [].

Example 2:

Input: head = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], k = 3 Output: [[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7],[8,9,10]] Explanation: The input has been split into consecutive parts with size difference at most 1, and earlier parts are a larger size than the later parts.

Constraints:

The number of nodes in the list is in the range [0, 1000]. 0 <= Node.val <= 1000 1 <= k <= 50

Analyze the provided problem statement. Categorize it based on its domain, ignoring ‘How’ it might be solved. Identify and list out the ‘What’ components. Based on these, further classify the problem. Explain your categorizations.

Distilling the Problem to Its Core Elements

Can you identify the fundamental concept or principle this problem is based upon? Please explain. What is the simplest way you would describe this problem to someone unfamiliar with the subject? What is the core problem we are trying to solve? Can we simplify the problem statement? Can you break down the problem into its key components? What is the minimal set of operations we need to perform to solve this problem?

Visual Model of the Problem

How to visualize the problem statement for this problem?

Problem Restatement

Could you start by paraphrasing the problem statement in your own words? Try to distill the problem into its essential elements and make sure to clarify the requirements and constraints. This exercise should aid in understanding the problem better and aligning our thought process before jumping into solving it.

Abstract Representation of the Problem

Could you help me formulate an abstract representation of this problem?

Given this problem, how can we describe it in an abstract way that emphasizes the structure and key elements, without the specific real-world details?

Terminology

Are there any specialized terms, jargon, or technical concepts that are crucial to understanding this problem or solution? Could you define them and explain their role within the context of this problem?

Problem Simplification and Explanation

Could you please break down this problem into simpler terms? What are the key concepts involved and how do they interact? Can you also provide a metaphor or analogy to help me understand the problem better?

Constraints

Given the problem statement and the constraints provided, identify specific characteristics or conditions that can be exploited to our advantage in finding an efficient solution. Look for patterns or specific numerical ranges that could be useful in manipulating or interpreting the data.

What are the key insights from analyzing the constraints?

Case Analysis

Could you please provide additional examples or test cases that cover a wider range of the input space, including edge and boundary conditions? In doing so, could you also analyze each example to highlight different aspects of the problem, key constraints and potential pitfalls, as well as the reasoning behind the expected output for each case? This should help in generating key insights about the problem and ensuring the solution is robust and handles all possible scenarios.

Provide names by categorizing these cases

What are the edge cases?

How to visualize these cases?

What are the key insights from analyzing the different cases?

Identification of Applicable Theoretical Concepts

Can you identify any mathematical or algorithmic concepts or properties that can be applied to simplify the problem or make it more manageable? Think about the nature of the operations or manipulations required by the problem statement. Are there existing theories, metrics, or methodologies in mathematics, computer science, or related fields that can be applied to calculate, measure, or perform these operations more effectively or efficiently?

Simple Explanation

Can you explain this problem in simple terms or like you would explain to a non-technical person? Imagine you’re explaining this problem to someone without a background in programming. How would you describe it? If you had to explain this problem to a child or someone who doesn’t know anything about coding, how would you do it? In layman’s terms, how would you explain the concept of this problem? Could you provide a metaphor or everyday example to explain the idea of this problem?

Problem Breakdown and Solution Methodology

Given the problem statement, can you explain in detail how you would approach solving it? Please break down the process into smaller steps, illustrating how each step contributes to the overall solution. If applicable, consider using metaphors, analogies, or visual representations to make your explanation more intuitive. After explaining the process, can you also discuss how specific operations or changes in the problem’s parameters would affect the solution? Lastly, demonstrate the workings of your approach using one or more example cases.

Inference of Problem-Solving Approach from the Problem Statement

Can you identify the key terms or concepts in this problem and explain how they inform your approach to solving it? Please list each keyword and how it guides you towards using a specific strategy or method. How can I recognize these properties by drawing tables or diagrams?

How did you infer from the problem statement that this problem can be solved using ?

Simple Explanation of the Proof

I’m having trouble understanding the proof of this algorithm. Could you explain it in a way that’s easy to understand?

Could you please provide a stepwise refinement of our approach to solving this problem?
How can we take the high-level solution approach and distill it into more granular, actionable steps?
Could you identify any parts of the problem that can be solved independently?
Are there any repeatable patterns within our solution?

Solution Approach and Analysis

Identify Invariant

What is the invariant in this problem?

Identify Loop Invariant

What is the loop invariant in this problem?

Thought Process

Can you explain the basic thought process and steps involved in solving this type of problem?

Explain the thought process by thinking step by step to solve this problem from the problem statement and code the final solution. Write code in Python3. What are the cues in the problem statement? What direction does it suggest in the approach to the problem? Generate insights about the problem statement.

Establishing Preconditions and Postconditions

Parameters:
- What are the inputs to the method?
- What types are these parameters?
- What do these parameters represent in the context of the problem?
Preconditions:
- Before this method is called, what must be true about the state of the program or the values of the parameters?
- Are there any constraints on the input parameters?
- Is there a specific state that the program or some part of it must be in?
Method Functionality:
- What is this method expected to do?
- How does it interact with the inputs and the current state of the program?
Postconditions:
- After the method has been called and has returned, what is now true about the state of the program or the values of the parameters?
- What does the return value represent or indicate?
- What side effects, if any, does the method have?
Error Handling:
- How does the method respond if the preconditions are not met?
- Does it throw an exception, return a special value, or do something else?

Problem Decomposition

Problem Understanding:
- Can you explain the problem in your own words? What are the key components and requirements?
Initial Breakdown:
- Start by identifying the major parts or stages of the problem. How can you break the problem into several broad subproblems?
Subproblem Refinement:
- For each subproblem identified, ask yourself if it can be further broken down. What are the smaller tasks that need to be done to solve each subproblem?
Task Identification:
- Within these smaller tasks, are there any that are repeated or very similar? Could these be generalized into a single, reusable task?
Task Abstraction:
- For each task you’ve identified, is it abstracted enough to be clear and reusable, but still makes sense in the context of the problem?
Method Naming:
- Can you give each task a simple, descriptive name that makes its purpose clear?
Subproblem Interactions:
- How do these subproblems or tasks interact with each other? In what order do they need to be performed? Are there any dependencies?

From Brute Force to Optimal Solution

Could you please begin by illustrating a brute force solution for this problem? After detailing and discussing the inefficiencies of the brute force approach, could you then guide us through the process of optimizing this solution? Please explain each step towards optimization, discussing the reasoning behind each decision made, and how it improves upon the previous solution. Also, could you show how these optimizations impact the time and space complexity of our solution?

Code Explanation and Design Decisions

Identify the initial parameters and explain their significance in the context of the problem statement or the solution domain.
Discuss the primary loop or iteration over the input data. What does each iteration represent in terms of the problem you’re trying to solve? How does the iteration advance or contribute to the solution?
If there are conditions or branches within the loop, what do these conditions signify? Explain the logical reasoning behind the branching in the context of the problem’s constraints or requirements.
If there are updates or modifications to parameters within the loop, clarify why these changes are necessary. How do these modifications reflect changes in the state of the solution or the constraints of the problem?
Describe any invariant that’s maintained throughout the code, and explain how it helps meet the problem’s constraints or objectives.
Discuss the significance of the final output in relation to the problem statement or solution domain. What does it represent and how does it satisfy the problem’s requirements?

Remember, the focus here is not to explain what the code does on a syntactic level, but to communicate the intent and rationale behind the code in the context of the problem being solved.

Coding Constructs

Consider the following piece of complex software code.

What are the high-level problem-solving strategies or techniques being used by this code?
If you had to explain the purpose of this code to a non-programmer, what would you say?
Can you identify the logical elements or constructs used in this code, independent of any programming language?
Could you describe the algorithmic approach used by this code in plain English?
What are the key steps or operations this code is performing on the input data, and why?
Can you identify the algorithmic patterns or strategies used by this code, irrespective of the specific programming language syntax?

Language Agnostic Coding Drills

Your mission is to deconstruct this code into the smallest possible learning units, each corresponding to a separate coding concept. Consider these concepts as unique coding drills that can be individually implemented and later assembled into the final solution.

Dissect the code and identify each distinct concept it contains. Remember, this process should be language-agnostic and generally applicable to most modern programming languages.
Once you’ve identified these coding concepts or drills, list them out in order of increasing difficulty. Provide a brief description of each concept and why it is classified at its particular difficulty level.
Next, describe the problem-solving approach that would lead from the problem statement to the final solution. Think about how each of these coding drills contributes to the overall solution. Elucidate the step-by-step process involved in using these drills to solve the problem. Please refrain from writing any actual code; we’re focusing on understanding the process and strategy.

Targeted Drills in Python

Now that you’ve identified and ordered the coding concepts from a complex software code in the previous exercise, let’s focus on creating Python-based coding drills for each of those concepts.

Begin by writing a separate piece of Python code that encapsulates each identified concept. These individual drills should illustrate how to implement each concept in Python. Please ensure that these are suitable even for those with a basic understanding of Python.
In addition to the general concepts, identify and write coding drills for any problem-specific concepts that might be needed to create a solution. Describe why these drills are essential for our problem.
Once all drills have been coded, describe how these pieces can be integrated together in the right order to solve the initial problem. Each drill should contribute to building up to the final solution.

Remember, the goal is to not only to write these drills but also to ensure that they can be cohesively assembled into one comprehensive solution.