Design an Expression Tree With Evaluate Function

The task here is to construct a binary expression tree from the given postfix expression, and then evaluate the expression.

Here’s the step-by-step implementation:

  1. Define the Node Classes:

    • We’ll create classes for the different types of nodes, such as AddNode, SubtractNode, MultiplyNode, DivideNode, and NumberNode. These will inherit from the given Node abstract base class.
    • The evaluate method will be implemented differently for each type of node.

  2. Build the Tree:

    • Iterate through the postfix tokens, using a stack to build the expression tree.
    • If the token is a number, create a NumberNode and push it to the stack.
    • If the token is an operator, pop the top two nodes from the stack, create the corresponding operator node, and push it back to the stack.

  3. Evaluate the Expression:

    • The final node left in the stack will be the root of the expression tree.
    • Call the evaluate method on this node to calculate the result.

Here’s the code implementing these steps:

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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Node(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def evaluate(self) -> int:
        pass

class AddNode(Node):
    def __init__(self, left, right):
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

    def evaluate(self):
        return self.left.evaluate() + self.right.evaluate()

class SubtractNode(Node):
    def __init__(self, left, right):
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

    def evaluate(self):
        return self.left.evaluate() - self.right.evaluate()

class MultiplyNode(Node):
    def __init__(self, left, right):
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

    def evaluate(self):
        return self.left.evaluate() * self.right.evaluate()

class DivideNode(Node):
    def __init__(self, left, right):
        self.left = left
        self.right = right

    def evaluate(self):
        return self.left.evaluate() // self.right.evaluate()

class NumberNode(Node):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    def evaluate(self):
        return self.value

class TreeBuilder(object):
    def buildTree(self, postfix: List[str]) -> 'Node':
        stack = []
        for token in postfix:
            if token in "+-*/":
                right = stack.pop()
                left = stack.pop()
                if token == "+":
                    stack.append(AddNode(left, right))
                elif token == "-":
                    stack.append(SubtractNode(left, right))
                elif token == "*":
                    stack.append(MultiplyNode(left, right))
                elif token == "/":
                    stack.append(DivideNode(left, right))
            else:
                stack.append(NumberNode(int(token)))

        return stack[-1]

# Example usage:
obj = TreeBuilder()
expTree = obj.buildTree(["3","4","+","2","*","7","/"])
ans = expTree.evaluate()  # Output will be 2

The code constructs the expression tree and evaluates it according to the given postfix tokens. The design is modular, so additional operators could be supported by defining new node classes and adding corresponding logic to the buildTree method.

Identifying Problem Isomorphism

“Design an Expression Tree With Evaluate Function” can be approximately mapped to “Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation”.

In “Design an Expression Tree With Evaluate Function”, you need to build an expression tree from a postfix expression and then implement an evaluate function for the tree.

In “Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation”, you are given an expression in Reverse Polish notation (which is a type of postfix notation) and you need to evaluate it.

Both involve understanding and evaluating expressions given in postfix notation, but the way these expressions are handled is different. In “Design an Expression Tree With Evaluate Function”, an intermediary data structure - an expression tree - is created to represent the expression, and then evaluated. In contrast, “Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation” directly processes the given postfix expression without creating a tree structure.

“Design an Expression Tree With Evaluate Function” is more complex than “Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation” as it involves additional steps of creating and traversing a tree data structure.

10 Prerequisite LeetCode Problems

For “1628. Design an Expression Tree With Evaluate Function”, the following are a good preparation:

  1. “150. Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation” - This problem involves the evaluation of postfix expressions, which is a necessary step in the given problem.

  2. “331. Verify Preorder Serialization of a Binary Tree” - Understanding this problem would help understand the serialization and deserialization of a binary tree, which is crucial for the problem.

  3. “297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree” - This problem requires the ability to convert a binary tree to a string and back, which is similar to constructing the binary tree from postfix notation.

  4. “772. Basic Calculator III” - This problem involves parsing a complex arithmetic expression with multiple operations, which will give you an understanding of how to parse expressions.

  5. “224. Basic Calculator” - This problem requires implementing a basic calculator which can evaluate simple expressions, a related concept to the main problem.

  6. “227. Basic Calculator II” - This problem is similar to Basic Calculator but with multiplication and division. Understanding this would aid in tackling problems with multiple operations.

  7. “654. Maximum Binary Tree” - In this problem, a binary tree is constructed from an array of integers. It’s not the same as the expression tree, but the tree construction process will help in understanding the main problem.

  8. “108. Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree” - This problem requires building a balanced binary tree from a sorted array, which may help to understand how to build a binary tree.

  9. “98. Validate Binary Search Tree” - This problem requires the understanding of binary tree properties and traversal, which is needed to build an expression tree.

  10. “230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST” - This problem involves traversing a binary tree and understanding its properties, which can help understand the construction and traversal of the expression tree.

These problems all involve skills related to handling and evaluating arithmetic expressions, binary trees, or both. They are a good preparation for the main problem.

Problem Classification

Problem Statement:Given the postfix tokens of an arithmetic expression, build and return the binary expression tree that represents this expression.

Postfix notation is a notation for writing arithmetic expressions in which the operands (numbers) appear before their operators. For example, the postfix tokens of the expression 4*(5-(7+2)) are represented in the array postfix = [“4”,“5”,“7”,“2”,"+","-","*"].

The class Node is an interface you should use to implement the binary expression tree. The returned tree will be tested using the evaluate function, which is supposed to evaluate the tree’s value. You should not remove the Node class; however, you can modify it as you wish, and you can define other classes to implement it if needed.

A binary expression tree is a kind of binary tree used to represent arithmetic expressions. Each node of a binary expression tree has either zero or two children. Leaf nodes (nodes with 0 children) correspond to operands (numbers), and internal nodes (nodes with two children) correspond to the operators ‘+’ (addition), ‘-’ (subtraction), ‘*’ (multiplication), and ‘/’ (division).

It’s guaranteed that no subtree will yield a value that exceeds 109 in absolute value, and all the operations are valid (i.e., no division by zero).

Follow up: Could you design the expression tree such that it is more modular? For example, is your design able to support additional operators without making changes to your existing evaluate implementation?

Example 1:

Input: s = [“3”,“4”,"+",“2”,"*",“7”,"/"] Output: 2 Explanation: this expression evaluates to the above binary tree with expression ((3+4)*2)/7) = 14/7 = 2.

Example 2:

Input: s = [“4”,“5”,“2”,“7”,"+","-",""] Output: -16 Explanation: this expression evaluates to the above binary tree with expression 4(5-(2+7)) = 4*(-4) = -16.

Constraints:

1 <= s.length < 100 s.length is odd. s consists of numbers and the characters ‘+’, ‘-’, ‘*’, and ‘/’. If s[i] is a number, its integer representation is no more than 105. It is guaranteed that s is a valid expression. The absolute value of the result and intermediate values will not exceed 109. It is guaranteed that no expression will include division by zero.

Analyze the provided problem statement. Categorize it based on its domain, ignoring ‘How’ it might be solved. Identify and list out the ‘What’ components. Based on these, further classify the problem. Explain your categorizations.

Clarification Questions

What are the clarification questions we can ask about this problem?

Identifying Problem Isomorphism

Can you help me with finding the isomorphism for this problem?

Which problem does this problem map to the corresponding isomorphic problem on Leetcode ?

How did you identify that this problem is a variation of problem?

Problem Analysis and Key Insights

What are the key insights from analyzing the problem statement?

Problem Boundary

What is the scope of this problem?

How to establish the boundary of this problem?

Distilling the Problem to Its Core Elements

Can you identify the fundamental concept or principle this problem is based upon? Please explain. What is the simplest way you would describe this problem to someone unfamiliar with the subject? What is the core problem we are trying to solve? Can we simplify the problem statement? Can you break down the problem into its key components? What is the minimal set of operations we need to perform to solve this problem?

Visual Model of the Problem

How to visualize the problem statement for this problem?

Problem Restatement

Could you start by paraphrasing the problem statement in your own words? Try to distill the problem into its essential elements and make sure to clarify the requirements and constraints. This exercise should aid in understanding the problem better and aligning our thought process before jumping into solving it.

Abstract Representation of the Problem

Could you help me formulate an abstract representation of this problem?

Given this problem, how can we describe it in an abstract way that emphasizes the structure and key elements, without the specific real-world details?

Terminology

Are there any specialized terms, jargon, or technical concepts that are crucial to understanding this problem or solution? Could you define them and explain their role within the context of this problem?

Problem Simplification and Explanation

Could you please break down this problem into simpler terms? What are the key concepts involved and how do they interact? Can you also provide a metaphor or analogy to help me understand the problem better?

Constraints

Given the problem statement and the constraints provided, identify specific characteristics or conditions that can be exploited to our advantage in finding an efficient solution. Look for patterns or specific numerical ranges that could be useful in manipulating or interpreting the data.

What are the key insights from analyzing the constraints?

Case Analysis

Could you please provide additional examples or test cases that cover a wider range of the input space, including edge and boundary conditions? In doing so, could you also analyze each example to highlight different aspects of the problem, key constraints and potential pitfalls, as well as the reasoning behind the expected output for each case? This should help in generating key insights about the problem and ensuring the solution is robust and handles all possible scenarios.

Provide names by categorizing these cases

What are the edge cases?

How to visualize these cases?

What are the key insights from analyzing the different cases?

Identification of Applicable Theoretical Concepts

Can you identify any mathematical or algorithmic concepts or properties that can be applied to simplify the problem or make it more manageable? Think about the nature of the operations or manipulations required by the problem statement. Are there existing theories, metrics, or methodologies in mathematics, computer science, or related fields that can be applied to calculate, measure, or perform these operations more effectively or efficiently?

Simple Explanation

Can you explain this problem in simple terms or like you would explain to a non-technical person? Imagine you’re explaining this problem to someone without a background in programming. How would you describe it? If you had to explain this problem to a child or someone who doesn’t know anything about coding, how would you do it? In layman’s terms, how would you explain the concept of this problem? Could you provide a metaphor or everyday example to explain the idea of this problem?

Problem Breakdown and Solution Methodology

Given the problem statement, can you explain in detail how you would approach solving it? Please break down the process into smaller steps, illustrating how each step contributes to the overall solution. If applicable, consider using metaphors, analogies, or visual representations to make your explanation more intuitive. After explaining the process, can you also discuss how specific operations or changes in the problem’s parameters would affect the solution? Lastly, demonstrate the workings of your approach using one or more example cases.

Inference of Problem-Solving Approach from the Problem Statement

Can you identify the key terms or concepts in this problem and explain how they inform your approach to solving it? Please list each keyword and how it guides you towards using a specific strategy or method. How can I recognize these properties by drawing tables or diagrams?

How did you infer from the problem statement that this problem can be solved using ?

Simple Explanation of the Proof

I’m having trouble understanding the proof of this algorithm. Could you explain it in a way that’s easy to understand?

Stepwise Refinement

  1. Could you please provide a stepwise refinement of our approach to solving this problem?

  2. How can we take the high-level solution approach and distill it into more granular, actionable steps?

  3. Could you identify any parts of the problem that can be solved independently?

  4. Are there any repeatable patterns within our solution?

Solution Approach and Analysis

Given the problem statement, can you explain in detail how you would approach solving it? Please break down the process into smaller steps, illustrating how each step contributes to the overall solution. If applicable, consider using metaphors, analogies, or visual representations to make your explanation more intuitive. After explaining the process, can you also discuss how specific operations or changes in the problem’s parameters would affect the solution? Lastly, demonstrate the workings of your approach using one or more example cases.

Identify Invariant

What is the invariant in this problem?

Identify Loop Invariant

What is the loop invariant in this problem?

Is invariant and loop invariant the same for this problem?

Thought Process

Can you explain the basic thought process and steps involved in solving this type of problem?

Explain the thought process by thinking step by step to solve this problem from the problem statement and code the final solution. Write code in Python3. What are the cues in the problem statement? What direction does it suggest in the approach to the problem? Generate insights about the problem statement.

Establishing Preconditions and Postconditions

  1. Parameters:

    • What are the inputs to the method?
    • What types are these parameters?
    • What do these parameters represent in the context of the problem?

  2. Preconditions:

    • Before this method is called, what must be true about the state of the program or the values of the parameters?
    • Are there any constraints on the input parameters?
    • Is there a specific state that the program or some part of it must be in?

  3. Method Functionality:

    • What is this method expected to do?
    • How does it interact with the inputs and the current state of the program?

  4. Postconditions:

    • After the method has been called and has returned, what is now true about the state of the program or the values of the parameters?
    • What does the return value represent or indicate?
    • What side effects, if any, does the method have?

  5. Error Handling:

    • How does the method respond if the preconditions are not met?
    • Does it throw an exception, return a special value, or do something else?

Problem Decomposition

  1. Problem Understanding:

    • Can you explain the problem in your own words? What are the key components and requirements?

  2. Initial Breakdown:

    • Start by identifying the major parts or stages of the problem. How can you break the problem into several broad subproblems?

  3. Subproblem Refinement:

    • For each subproblem identified, ask yourself if it can be further broken down. What are the smaller tasks that need to be done to solve each subproblem?

  4. Task Identification:

    • Within these smaller tasks, are there any that are repeated or very similar? Could these be generalized into a single, reusable task?

  5. Task Abstraction:

    • For each task you’ve identified, is it abstracted enough to be clear and reusable, but still makes sense in the context of the problem?

  6. Method Naming:

    • Can you give each task a simple, descriptive name that makes its purpose clear?

  7. Subproblem Interactions:

    • How do these subproblems or tasks interact with each other? In what order do they need to be performed? Are there any dependencies?

From Brute Force to Optimal Solution

Could you please begin by illustrating a brute force solution for this problem? After detailing and discussing the inefficiencies of the brute force approach, could you then guide us through the process of optimizing this solution? Please explain each step towards optimization, discussing the reasoning behind each decision made, and how it improves upon the previous solution. Also, could you show how these optimizations impact the time and space complexity of our solution?

Code Explanation and Design Decisions

  1. Identify the initial parameters and explain their significance in the context of the problem statement or the solution domain.

  2. Discuss the primary loop or iteration over the input data. What does each iteration represent in terms of the problem you’re trying to solve? How does the iteration advance or contribute to the solution?

  3. If there are conditions or branches within the loop, what do these conditions signify? Explain the logical reasoning behind the branching in the context of the problem’s constraints or requirements.

  4. If there are updates or modifications to parameters within the loop, clarify why these changes are necessary. How do these modifications reflect changes in the state of the solution or the constraints of the problem?

  5. Describe any invariant that’s maintained throughout the code, and explain how it helps meet the problem’s constraints or objectives.

  6. Discuss the significance of the final output in relation to the problem statement or solution domain. What does it represent and how does it satisfy the problem’s requirements?

Remember, the focus here is not to explain what the code does on a syntactic level, but to communicate the intent and rationale behind the code in the context of the problem being solved.

Coding Constructs

Consider the code for the solution of this problem.

  1. What are the high-level problem-solving strategies or techniques being used by this code?

  2. If you had to explain the purpose of this code to a non-programmer, what would you say?

  3. Can you identify the logical elements or constructs used in this code, independent of any programming language?

  4. Could you describe the algorithmic approach used by this code in plain English?

  5. What are the key steps or operations this code is performing on the input data, and why?

  6. Can you identify the algorithmic patterns or strategies used by this code, irrespective of the specific programming language syntax?

Language Agnostic Coding Drills

Your mission is to deconstruct this code into the smallest possible learning units, each corresponding to a separate coding concept. Consider these concepts as unique coding drills that can be individually implemented and later assembled into the final solution.

  1. Dissect the code and identify each distinct concept it contains. Remember, this process should be language-agnostic and generally applicable to most modern programming languages.

  2. Once you’ve identified these coding concepts or drills, list them out in order of increasing difficulty. Provide a brief description of each concept and why it is classified at its particular difficulty level.

  3. Next, describe the problem-solving approach that would lead from the problem statement to the final solution. Think about how each of these coding drills contributes to the overall solution. Elucidate the step-by-step process involved in using these drills to solve the problem. Please refrain from writing any actual code; we’re focusing on understanding the process and strategy.

Targeted Drills in Python

Now that you’ve identified and ordered the coding concepts from a complex software code in the previous exercise, let’s focus on creating Python-based coding drills for each of those concepts.

  1. Begin by writing a separate piece of Python code that encapsulates each identified concept. These individual drills should illustrate how to implement each concept in Python. Please ensure that these are suitable even for those with a basic understanding of Python.

  2. In addition to the general concepts, identify and write coding drills for any problem-specific concepts that might be needed to create a solution. Describe why these drills are essential for our problem.

  3. Once all drills have been coded, describe how these pieces can be integrated together in the right order to solve the initial problem. Each drill should contribute to building up to the final solution.

Remember, the goal is to not only to write these drills but also to ensure that they can be cohesively assembled into one comprehensive solution.

Q&A

Similar Problems

Can you suggest 10 problems from LeetCode that require similar problem-solving strategies or use similar underlying concepts as the problem we’ve just solved? These problems can be from any domain or topic, but they should involve similar steps or techniques in the solution process. Also, please briefly explain why you consider each of these problems to be related to our original problem. The response text is of the following format:

Here are 10 problems that use similar underlying concepts: